Additional information is needed to more fully evaluate releases,
migration, and resulting contaminant levels at points of
potential human exposure, as well as to more fully evaluate
associated potential health concerns. Because necessary data are
limited, ATSDR considers the Bluefield area to be an
indeterminate public health hazard.
Environmental sampling shows one or more of the chemicals are
present at some of the locations. However, for several of the
identified sites, data are too limited (or are absent) to
conclude whether improper use or disposal of the contaminants of
concern has occurred--ATSDR considers those locations to include
at least:
o
Appalachian Power Company Service Center
o
Appalachian Power Company Glen Lyn Plant
o
Blacor Steel
o
Bluefield Armature
o
Bluefield City Park
o
Bull Tail Hollow
o
Old Bluefield, VA, landfill on High Street
Ongoing exposure of humans to PCBs in the Bluefield area may be
occurring for children and adults at the Sam Neal Property.
Children and adults may have been exposed to dioxin at the Sam
Neal Property. Worker exposure to PCBs has likely occurred in
the past at Acken Sign, APCO Service Center, Joy Manufacturing,
and Linn Electric. There were no relevant sampling data for the
APCO Glen Lyn Plant, Blacor Steel, Bluefield Armature, the
streets of Bluefield, Bull Tail Hollow, and the Old Bluefield
Landfill in Virginia.
Exposures to PCBs and dioxin at the Sam Neal property do not
appear to be great enough to result in noncarcinogenic health
effects. Exposure to PCBs at the Sam Neal property represents a
small increase of risk for cancer for those working or living
there for many years. However, it appears unlikely that anyone
has worked or lived there long enough to be at risk.
Evaluation of age-adjusted mortality data for Tazewell and Mercer
Counties revealed no excess rates of death and total cancer. The
age-adjusted mortality data for 1979-1988 indicate that the rate
of stomach cancer for Tazewell County, Virginia was greater than
the rate for Virginia, but less than that for the United States.
For lung cancer, the age-adjusted mortality rate for Tazwell
County for 1979-1988 was greater than the rates for Virginia and
the United States. However, rates for the entire county may not
reflect the occurrence of these health outcomes in the Bluefield
area. The significance of the county-wide results needs further
evaluation.
ATSDR usually finds that public health issues cannot be evaluated
as thoroughly as seems appropriate because contamination and
exposure information or other data are not fully available.
Recommendations for information that would allow ATSDR to better
evaluate those issues are provided in this section.
Site Characterization and Cease/Reduce Exposure Recommendations
General Recommendations
Future sampling activities should include analyses for all
contaminants of concern--PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and TCE--unless
investigators are confident one or more of those compounds
will not be present. For Bull Tail Hollow, include 2,4-D
and 2,4,5-T.
Periodic analyses should be conducted for the contaminants
of concern for the public water supply for Bluefield, VA,
and Bluefield, WV, and for GVGPSD's system that uses Bull
Tail Hollow Reservoir to check whether any contaminants
arise at concentrations that pose a potential public health
concern.
Analyses should be conducted of edible portions of game fish
taken from productive fishing areas in the Bluestone River
downstream of Bluefield, VA, to determine whether any of the
contaminants of concern are present at concentrations that
pose a potential public health concern.
Laboratory tests should be conducted using protocols that
provide detection limits that are commensurate with the low
concentrations at which some of the contaminants of concern
potentially pose adverse health effects.
Site-Specific Recommendations
Acken Sign Services
Conduct analysis of additional surficial soil samples
obtained on site and--if those results warrant--also
off-site areas to determine whether any of the contaminants
of concern are present at levels that pose a potential
public health concern.
Conduct at least a limited survey of private wells in the
site vicinity, and conduct sampling, as appropriate, to
determine whether any of the contaminants of concern are
present in well water at concentrations that pose a
potential public health concern.
APCO Service Center
Conduct analyses in areas where PCB liquids are handled to
determine whether any contaminants of concern are present at
concentrations that pose a potential public health concern
to the workforce. If excessive contaminant concentrations
are found, implement measures that reduce the contaminant
source levels or that protect workers from undue exposure.
APCO Glen Lyn Plant
Conduct sampling of surface soils at several residences at
varying distances in the predominant downwind direction to
determine whether contaminants have been deposited at
concentrations that could pose a public health concern. The
sampling might be initiated in a limited area and expanded
if warranted by the initial results.
Conduct groundwater sampling at some of the private and
public wells in the plant vicinity to determine whether any
of the contaminants of concern are present at levels that
pose a public health concern. The sampling might be
initiated in a limited area and expanded if warranted by the
initial results.
Assess areas where PCB liquids are handled to determine
whether any contaminants are present at levels that pose a
potential health concern to the workforce. The sampling
might be initiated on a small scale and expanded if
warranted by the initial results. If excessive contaminant
concentrations are found, implement measures that either
reduce the contaminant source levels or that protect workers
from exposure.
Bernard Neal Property
Conduct a survey of private wells in the site vicinity. If
wells are present, conduct sampling to determine whether any
of the contaminants of concern are present in well water at
concentrations that pose a potential public health concern.
If the site remains undeveloped, minimize the potential for
incidental human exposure to contaminants--consider fencing
the area or placing a layer of cover soil. If the property
is developed for habitation, consider more substantial
measures for protecting public health.
Blacor Steel
To determine whether any of the contaminants of concern are
present at concentrations that pose a public health concern,
conduct sampling and analyses of surface soils on site in
areas where salvage operations have been done.
If soil sampling indicates that contaminants of concern are
present, a survey should be conducted of private wells in
the site vicinity, and water sampling should be initiated at
representative wells to determine whether any of the
contaminants are present at concentrations that pose a
potential public health concern.
If soil sampling indicates that contaminants of concern are
present at levels that pose a public health concern to
workers, institute measures that would reduce the source
levels or protect workers.
Bluefield Armature
Attempt to confirm whether PCB-laden fluids or TCE have been
handled or disposed of at the facility. If that is not
possible to confirm, conduct sampling in the building and in
surface soils behind the building to determine whether the
contaminants of concern are present at levels that pose a
potential public health concern to the workforce. If
excessive contaminant concentrations are found, institute
measures that either reduce concentrations or that protect
workers from exposure.
Bluefield Area Streets and Alleys, City Park, Playgrounds,
and High School Track
Initiate sampling and analyses of surface soils at a
statistically significant number of locations selected from
the roads and other areas that were possibly sprayed to
determine whether contaminants of concern are present at
concentrations that pose a public health concern. Evaluate
the results of that initial program to decide whether, or
where, additional sampling and analyses are needed to
complete the evaluation. Results of soil sampling conducted
in 1993 at the high school track suggest that additional
analyses are unwarranted at that location.
If the results of the sampling program identify locations
where exposures are a public health concern, initiate
remediation designed to reduce either the source
contamination or the exposure to levels that are acceptable
from a public health perspective.
If concentrations at levels of concern are detected in
soils, conduct a survey of private wells near such
location(s), and sample well water to determine whether any
of the contaminants of concern are present at levels that
could adversely affect public health.
Bull Tail Hollow
Initiate at least a nominal soil sampling program for the
road and power distribution lines and also the private water
well to determine whether contaminants of concern are
present at concentrations that pose a public health concern.
Evaluate the results from the initial program to decide
whether, or where, additional sampling and analyses are
needed to complete the evaluation.
If the results of the sampling program identify locations
where exposures are a public health concern, initiate
remediation designed to reduce either the source
contamination or the exposure to levels that are acceptable
from a public health perspective.
Joy Manufacturing
Periodically inspect and maintain the perimeter fence system
to minimize the potential for intruder access.
Periodically inspect and maintain the layer of fill soils
that have been placed over contaminated soils on and off
site. Also maintain the pavements and concrete slabs that
cover contaminated soils, and maintain building components
that are necessary for structural integrity or for
preventing rain water from entering.
If the buildings or site are used again for industry or
residences, supplemental sampling and assessment should be
made of residual contamination within the building and
perimeter to clarify whether the intended use would expose
workers or other users to contaminants in building
components or soil at concentrations that would pose a
public health concern.
If the swale area is ever developed, conduct supplemental
sampling for contaminants of concern to determine whether
any are present at levels for which anticipated exposures
that might be associated with development would pose a
public health concern.
EPA reports a search of well logs at county offices did not
identify any private wells in that area. ATSDR recommends
augmenting that search by touring area streets with the
water company meter reader who could readily identify any
residences or businesses that do not have a water meter. If
wells are present, conduct sampling to determine whether any
of the contaminants of concern are present in well water at
concentrations that pose a potential public health concern.
Lin-Electric Company
Clarify available clean-up documents in a manner that
clearly outlines the areas sampled, the criteria for
cleanup, the limits of areas remediated, and levels of
contaminants of concern that remain in media through which
workers might be exposed--and/or conduct additional sampling
and documentation that demonstrates that the cleanup
resulted in an environment that is compatible with worker
health.
Conduct a survey of private wells in the site vicinity. If
wells are present, conduct sampling to determine whether any
of the contaminants of concern are present in well water at
levels that pose a potential public health concern.
Mercer County Landfill
Conduct sampling of surficial soils on the landfill and on
several representative adjacent properties, including the
youth detention center, to determine whether any
contaminants of concern are present at concentrations that
pose a public health concern.
Conduct a survey of private wells in the site vicinity. If
wells are present, conduct sampling to determine whether any
of the contaminants of concern are present in well water at
concentrations that pose a potential public health concern.
If the collection ponds are dredged to increase storage
capacity, take at least nominal precautions when handling
and covering dredged materials.
Old Bluefield, VA, Landfill
Conduct sampling of surficial soils or wastes on or
immediately around the landfill to determine whether
contaminants of concern are present at concentrations that
pose a public health concern to current trespassers or
future users of the property.
Conduct sampling of sediments in the downgradient drainage
channel where it passes through the community of Hales
Bottom to determine whether children who might play in the
channel could be exposed to contaminants at concentrations
that pose a public health concern.
Conduct a survey of private wells in Hales Bottom, sample
groundwater at the nearest private well downgradient and
several others to determine whether residents are being
exposed to contaminants at concentrations that pose a public
health concern.
Sam Neal Property
Conduct soil sampling on the immediately adjacent
residential property.
Using the foregoing sampling data, assess public health
implications, and decide whether any remedial or other
protective measures are needed to reduce adverse exposure.
Conduct a survey of private wells in the site vicinity. If
wells are present, conduct sampling to determine whether any
of the contaminants of concern are present in well water at
concentrations that pose a potential public health concern.
Health Activities Recommendation Panel (HARP) Recommendations
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended, requires ATSDR to
perform public health actions needed at hazardous waste sites or
toxic substance releases. To determine if public health actions
are needed, ATSDR's Health Activities Recommendation Panel (HARP)
has evaluated the data and information developed in the Bluefield
Public Health Assessment.
Data are very limited. Most exposures are believed to be past and
current worker exposures, and a referral is needed to appropriate
occupational health agencies.
HARP determined that residents who live on the Sam Neal property
where soil is contaminated should have their blood tested for
polychlorinated biphenyls.
HARP determined that a health statistics review is needed of the
occurrence of cancer and diabetes in the Bluefield area, if
appropriate databases can be found.
In addition, HARP determined that community and health
professionals education is indicated. Community health education
should be focused at the residents of the Sam Neal Property and
should include information on how to minimize exposures via soil.
The health professions education should focus on the effects of
PCBs, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and trichloroethylene.
ATSDR has asked the Virginia Department of Health to evaluate the
feasibility of a health statistics review of lung and stomach
cancer for the Bluefield, Virginia area--and, should such a study
prove feasible, to consider conducting it prior to the end of
1994. ATSDR will conduct community health and health
professional education as resources permit. ATSDR has determined
a biological indicator of exposure study is not needed.
EPA reports they revisit former Joy Manufacturing property, the
swale, and associated areas at 6- to 9-month intervals to review
conditions and determine if any worsening conditions exist. In
1993, in response to recommendations, EPA initiated sampling at
the swale, high school track, Sam Neal and Bernard Neal sites,
Bluefield, WV, and Bluefield, VA, water supplies, and Bull Tail
Hollow reservoir. A sample of road/street materials also was
taken; an effort was made to duplicate a road sample taken
previously. EPA reports they will conduct any further actions or
studies indicated by the data being developed. The remaining
sites will be referred to the agency's Site Assessment Program
for assessment as potential Superfund sites but may be re-referred to other operating programs in EPA; timing of referral
actions is uncertain (40). EPA reports they anticipate a removal
action for the Sam Neal and Bernard Neal sites, with a goal of
starting the removal in April, 1994 (71).
A commenter reports that the Virginia Department of Environmental
Quality recommended three of the four sites in that state for
inclusion on CERCLIS (Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Information System). Two sites,
Blacor Steel and the Old Bluefield Landfill were accepted.
Inclusion on CERCLIS indicates that a Preliminary Investigation
will be performed within a year.
Petitioner for Bluefield Site. Petition letter to ATSDR. Undated.
Petitioner for Bluefield Site. Petition letter to ATSDR. May 5, 1989.
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8, 1990.
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