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PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT

KERR-MCGEE REFINERY SITE
CUSHING, PAYNE COUNTY, OKLAHOMA


Table C12. Range of Contaminant Concentrations in Off-site Groundwater (Public Wells)
SEE COMMENTS AT END OF TABLE FOR DISCUSSION ABOUT ORGANICS
Contaminant Concentration Range -
mg/L		 Sampling Date Reference Comparison Value
mg/L Source
Aluminum NA
RD
ND - 0.055		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.765 background
sample
CMW-1.1
Antimony NA
RD
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.004 RMEG-child
Arsenic ND
0.002 - RD
ND - 0.002		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 2.0E-5 CREG
Barium 0.027 - 0.052
0.0185 - 0.0641
0.03 - 0.107		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.7 RMEG-child
Benzene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.0012 CREG
Benzo(a)anthra-
cene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 .0001 PMCL
Benzo(a)pyrene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 5.0E-6 CREG
Beryllium NA
0.001
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 8.14E-6 CREG
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.0025 CREG
Bromodichloro-
methane
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.0006 CREG
Cadmium ND
0.003
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.007 EMEG-child
(carcinogen)
Calcium NA
55 - 68
NA		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 36.2 background
sample CMW-1.1
Chromium ND
0.002
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.05 (for
hexavalent
chromium)		 RMEG-child
Chrysene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.0002 PMCL
Cobalt NA
0.004
NA		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 ND background
sample
CMW-1.1
Copper ND - 0.114
RD
NA		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 1.3 AL
Cyclohexane,1-
bromo-4-methyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none `none
Cyclohexane,1,
2-dimethyl, trans
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1-
ethyl-2-
methyl,cis
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1-
ethyl-4-
methyl,trans
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
methyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
1,1,3-trimethyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
1,2,3-trimethyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
1,2,3-trimethyl
(1-alpha)
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Cylopropane, 1-
methyl-2-
(methylp)
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Dimethyldecane
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Dimethylheptane
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Hexane, 2,2-
dimethyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Hexanol,
3-methyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
2-Hexanone
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Iron 1.692 - 16.69
RD
2.9 - 5.9		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 1.45 background
sample
CMW-1.1
Isoctanol
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Lead ND - 0.022
0.003
NA		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.015 AL
Magnesium NA
8.4 - 15.9
NA		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 33.7 background
sample
CMW-1.1
Manganese 0.028 - 0.114
0.0278 - 0.039
0.04 - 0.145		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 .05 RMEG-child
Mercury ND
0.0002
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.002 LTHA
2-Methylnaph-
thalene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 ND background
sample CMW-1.1
Naphthalene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.02 LTHA
Nickel NA
0.007
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.2 RMEG-child
N-nitrosodi-
phenylamine
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 .007 CREG
Oxirane, 2-(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-3
ethyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Pentane, 2,3-
dimethyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
1-Pentene, 2,3-
dimethyl
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Phenanthrene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Potassium NA
RD
NA		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Selenium ND
0.002
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.02 EMEG-child
Silver ND
0.003
ND		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.05 RMEG-child
Sodium 32 - 83
33.9 - 60.6
28 - 115		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 37.3 background
samples
CMW-1.1
Trichloroethy-
lene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.0032 CREG
Trichloropro-
pylene
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Trimethyl-
pentane
9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 none none
Vanadium NA
0.005
NA		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 0.03 IMEG-child
Zinc ND - 0.022
RD
ND - 0.01		 9-89
11-89
94/95		 FIT (1)
FIT (1)
ODEQ (35)		 3 RMEG-child
Information about organic chemicals is summarized below:
          o For the first data set: The samples were analyzed for VOCS, SVOCS, and other organic compounds--none were detected.
          o For the second data set: The samples were analyzed for VOCS, SVOCS, and other organic compounds--none were detected.
          o For the third data set: The samples were analyzed for VOCs and a few SVOCs--none were detected.



Table C13. Radioactivity in Municipal Wells
Measurement Range
pCi/L		 Sampling Date Reference Primary Drinking
Water Standard (40
CFR 141, 142)1
Radium-226 0.6 to 0.8 1989 FIT (1) 20 pCi/L (MCL2)
Uranium-234 0.09 to 0.14 1989 FIT (1) 26 pCi/L
Uranium-235 0.005 to 0.017 1989 FIT (1) 26 pCi/L
Uranium-238 0.008 to 0.09 1989 FIT (1) 26 pCi/L
Thorium-232 0.00 to 0.04 1989 FIT (1) 92 pCi/L
Thorium-230 0.001 to 0.002 1989 FIT (1) 83 pCi/L
Thorium-228 0.03 to 0.05 1989 FIT (1) 153 pCi/L
Thorium-227 0.001 1989 FIT (1) 662 pCi/L
Bismuth-214 6.2 to 80.5 1989 FIT (1) 19,000 pCi/L
Lead-214 6.1 to 77.5 1989 FIT (1) 12,000 pCi/L
Gross Alpha -2.2 to 0.59
1.53 to 4.66		 1989
1989		 KM (34)
FIT (1)		 15 pCi/L (MCL)
Gross Beta 2.65 to 3.39 1989 KM (34) 50 pCi/L (screening
level)

1. Proposed limits - For uranium and thorium, the value listed is the concentration in water for a lifetime mortality risk of one in ten thousand (1 x 10-4). For bismuth and lead, the value listed is the concentration in water for 4 mrem effective dose equivalent per year assuming 2 liters daily intake.
2. Maximum contaminant level.


Table C14. Range of Contaminant Concentrations in Off-Site Groundwater (Private Wells)Concentrations are shown for three "sets" of wells:

          o A well at a residence on Property A
          o A well on a residential property south of Property A, along Deep Rock Road
          o Three wells within about 1/4 mile of site; includes one well on a former private property "on site" near Linwood and Deep Rock Roads by the east edge of site.
            None of the maximum values reported were from this "on-site" private well.
          o Several wells about 1/2 to 3 miles from site.
FOR ORGANICS INFORMATION--SEE COMMENTS AT END OF TABLE
Contaminant Concentration
Range - mg/L		 Sampling
Date		 Reference Comparison Value
mg/L Source
Aluminum ND
NI
ND
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSDH (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ(36)		 0.765 background
sample
CMW - 1.1
Antimony ND
ND
NA - ND
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.004 RMEG-child
Arsenic ND
ND
ND - 0.002
ND		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 2.0E-5 CREG
Barium ND
0.037 - 0.041
ND - 0.135
0.018 - 0.18		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.7 RMEG-child
Benzene see comments at
end of table for all
organics		 03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.0012 CREG
Benzo(a)anthra-
cene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 .0001 PMCL
Benzo(a)pyrene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 5.0E-6 CREG
Beryllium ND
ND
NA - 0.001
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 8.14E-6 CREG
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 O.0025 CREG
Bromodichloro-
methane
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.0006 CREG
Cadmium ND
ND
ND - 0.003
ND		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.007 EMEG-child
(carcinogen)
Calcium 64
NI
NA - 30.8
ND		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 36.2 background
sample CMW-1.1
Chromium ND
ND
ND - 0.002
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.05 (for
hexavalent
chromium)		 RMEG-child
Chrysene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.0002 PMCL
Cobalt ND
NI
NA - 0.004
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 ND background
sample CMW-1.1
Copper ND
ND - 0.004
0.004 - 0.09
0.012 - 0.028		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 1.3 AL
Cyclohexane,1-
bromo-4-methyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1,2-
dimethyl, trans
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1-
ethyl-2-methyl,cis
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1-
ethyl-4-
methyl,trans
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
methyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1,1,
3-trimethyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1,2,
3-trimethyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1,2,
3-trimethyl(1-
alpha)
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Cylopropane, 1-
methyl-2-
(methylp)
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Dimethyldecane
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Dimethylheptane
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Hexane,2,2-
dimethyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
>OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Hexanol, 3-methyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
2-Hexanone
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Iron 1.5
NI
NA - 14.5
0.062 - 2.4		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 1.45 background
sample CMW-1.1
Isoctanol
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Lead ND
ND
ND - 0.054
ND - 0.36		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.015 AL
Magnesium 31.7
ND - 18L8
NA - 4.2
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 33.7 background
sample CMW-1.1
Manganese 0.012
ND - 0.005
NA - 0.186
ND - 0.29		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 .05 RMEG-child
Mercury ND
ND
NA - 0.0002
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.002 LTHA
2-
Methylnaphthalene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 ND background
sample
CMW-1.1
Naphthalene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.02 LTHA
Nickel ND
ND
NA - 0.007
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.2 RMEG-child
N-nitrosodi-
phenylamine
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 .007 CREG
Oxirane, 2-(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-3
ethyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Pentane,
2,3-dimethyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
1-Pentene,
2,3-dimethyl
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Phenanthrene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Potassium 2.4
NI
NA - ND
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Selenium ND
ND
ND - 0.002
ND		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.02 EMEG-child
Silver ND
NI
ND - 0.003
ND		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.05 RMEG-child
Sodium 71.9
NI
NA - 104
ND - 0.18		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 37.3 background
sample
CMW-1.1
Trichloroethylene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.0032 CREG
Trichloropro-
pylene
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Trimethylpentane
03-88
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 none none
Vanadium ND
NI
NA - 0.005
NA		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 0.03 IEMEG-child
Zinc 0.23
0.05 - 0.056
0.128 - 3.69
ND - 0.017		 03-88
12-95
89/90/95
89/90/95		 TAT (3)
SLO (37), ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33), FIT (1) , ODEQ (36)
OSHD (33), ODEQ (36)		 3 RMEG-child
Information about organic chemicals is summarized below:
          o For the first data set: The sample was analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs and other organic compounds--none were detected.
          o For the second data set: Two (a spit) sample were analyzed for VOCs and SVOCs--none were detected.
          o For the third data set: Two samples were analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs and other organic chemicals; a third well sample was analyzed for VOCs--none were detected.
          o For the forth data set: One of 9 well samples was analyzed for VOCs--none were detected.



Table C15. Radioactivity in Private Wells
Isotope Range
pCi/L		 Location Sampling Date Reference Primary Drinking
Water Standard
(40 CFR 141,
142)1
Gross Alpha -1 to 7 off-site 10/89 to 2/90,
12/95		 OSDH (33)
ODEQ (39)		 15 pCi/L (MCL2)
Gross Alpha 8 former on-site well* 12/89 OSDH (33) 15 pCi/L (MCL)
Gross Beta -4 to 4 off-site 10/89 to 2/90
12/95		 OSDH (33)
ODEQ (39)		 50 pCi/L (screening level)
Gross Beta 4 former on-site well* 12/89 OSDH (33) 50 pCi/L
(screening level)
Radium-226 0 to 2.1
0.2		 off-site 10/89 to 2/90
1989		 OSDH (33)
FIT (1)		 20 pCi/L (MCL)
Radium-226 1.4 on-site * 12-89 OSDH (33) 20 pCi/L (MCL)
Uranium-234 0.04 to 3.9 off-site 1989, 12/95 FIT (1)
CORE (38)		 26 pCi/L
Uranium-235 0.004 to 0.3 off-site 1989, 12/95 FIT (1)
CORE (38)		 26 pCi/L
Uranium-238 0.008 to 1.6 off-site 1989, 12/95 FIT (1)
CORE (38)		 26 pCi/L
Thorium-232 <LLD to
0.01		 off-site 1989, 12/95 FIT (1)
CORE (38)		 92 pCi/L
Thorium-230 0.008 to 0.02 off-site 1989 FIT (1) 83 pCi/L
Thorium-228 <LLD to
0.04		 off-site 1989, 12/95 FIT (1)
CORE (38)		 153 pCi/L
Thorium-227 0.02 to 0.03 off-site 1989 FIT (1) 662 pCi/L
Bismuth-214 62.4 off-site 1989 FIT (1) 12,000 pCi/L
Lead-214 66.2 off-site 1989 FIT (1) 19,000 pCi/L

* This well was on former private property "on site" near Linwood and Deep Rock Roads, by the east edge of the site.
1. Proposed limits - For uranium and thorium, the value listed is the concentration in water for a lifetime mortality risk of one in ten thousand (1 x 10-4). For bismuth and lead, the value listed is the concentration in water for 4 mrem effective dose equivalent per year assuming 2 liters daily intake.
2. MCL - maximum contaminant level.


Table C16. Range of Contaminant Concentrations in Off-Site Surface Water
Note: Concentrations are shown for three sets of data:
          o Skull Creek and tributaries, upstream and downstream of site
          o Skull Creek and tributaries, downstream of site near Property A
          o Four private ponds
Contaminant Concentration
Range - mg/L		 Sampling Date Reference Comparison Value
mg/L Source
Aluminum 0.11 - 16.5
0.07 - 0.64
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 0.11 - 16.6 background
samples
WS-1A FIT, WS-36A FIT
Antimony ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.004 RMEG-child
Arsenic ND - 0.13
ND
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 2.0E-5 CREG
Barium 0.11 - 0.33
0.09 - 0.179
0.026 - 0.159		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.7 RMEG-child
Benzene ND - RD
DU-ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.0012 CREG
Benzo(a)anthra-
cene		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 .0001 PMCL
Benzo(a)pyrene ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 5.0E-6 CREG
Beryllium ND - 0.002
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 8.14E-6 CREG
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate		 ND - RD
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.0025 CREG
Bromodichloro-
methane		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.0006 CREG
Cadmium ND - 0.007
ND
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.007 EMEG-child
(carcinogen)
Calcium 74.8 - 113
72.1 - 89.59
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 74.8 - 97.9 background
samples
WS-1A FIT, WS-36A FIT
Chromium ND - 0.02
ND
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.05 (for
hexavalent
chromium)		 RMEG-child
Chrysene ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.0002 PMCL
Cobalt ND - 0.03
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 ND - 0.3 background
samples
WS-1A FIT, WS-36A FIT
Copper 0.006 - 0.012
ND - 0.027
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 1.3 AL
Cyclohexane,
1-bromo-4-methyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclohexane, 1,2-
dimethyl, trans		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclohexane, 1-
ethyl-2-methyl,cis		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
1-ethyl-4-
methyl,trans		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
methyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
1,1,3-trimethyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclohexane,
1,2,3-trimethyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclohexane,1,2,
3-trimethyl(1-
alpha)		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Cyclopropane,
1-methyl-2-
(methylp)		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Dimethyldecane ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Dimethylheptane ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Hexane,
2,2-dimethyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Hexanol, 3-methyl ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
2-Hexanone ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Iron 1.09 - 14.3
0.693 - 4.95
0.2 - 4.306		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 1.19 - 14.3 background
samples
WS-1A FIT, WS-36A FIT
Isoctanol ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Lead ND - 0.018
ND
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.015 AL
Magnesium 39.6 - 52.6
28.23 - 38.4
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 39.6 - 52.6 background
samples
WS-1A FIT, WS-36A FIT
Manganese 0.552 - 2.31
0.289 - 1.32
0.027 - 0.077		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 .05 RMEG-child
Mercury ND - 0.001
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.002 LTHA
2-
Methylnaphthalene		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Naphthalene ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.02 LTHA
Nickel ND - 0.04
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.2 RMEG-child
N-nitrosodi-
phenylamine		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.007 CREG
Oxirane, 2-(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-3
ethyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Pentane,
2,3-dimethyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
1-Pentene,
2,3-dimethyl		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Phenanthrene ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Potassium 4.62 - 7.92
1.936 - 5.53
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 4.62 - 5.96 background
samples
WS-1A FIT, WS-36A FIT
Selenium ND
ND
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.02 EMEG-child
Silver ND - 0.011
ND
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 0.05 RMEG-child
Sodium 101 - 407
143 - 151
12 - 78		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 101 - 110 background
samples
WS-1A FIT, WS-36A FIT
Trichloroethylene ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 0.0032 CREG
Trichloropro-
pylene		 ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Trimethylpentane ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 none none
Vanadium ND
ND
NA		 5-86
3-88
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3)
OSHD (33)		 0.03 IEMEG-child
Zinc 0.005 - 0.089
ND - 0.045
ND		 5-86
3-88, 12-95
2-90		 FIT (1)
TAT (3) ,ODEQ (39)
OSHD (33)		 3 RMEG-child



Table C17. Radioactivity in Off-Site Surface Water
Measurement Range
pCi/L		 Sampling Date Reference Proposed Primary
Drinking Water
Standard
Gross Alpha 1.0 to 4.0
8 to 13		 10/89 to 4/90
12/95		 OSDH-ponds (33)
ODEQ-creek (39)		 15 pCi/L
Gross Beta 2.0 to 4.0
13 to 14		 10/89 to 4/90
12/95		 OSDH-ponds (33)
ODEQ-creek (39)		 50 pCi/L
Radium-226 -0.1 to 0.0
0.5 to 5.4		 10/89 to 4/90
5/86		 OSDH-ponds (33)
FIT-Skull Creek and
Tributaries (1)		 20 pCi/L
Radium-228 -0.6 to 8.1 5/86 FIT (1) 20 pCi/L
Uranium-233+234 1.3 to 12 5/86, 12/95 FIT (1) , CORE (38) None
Uranium-235 <LLD to .02 5/86, 12/95 FIT (1) , CORE (38) None
Uranium-238 0.6 to 13 5/86, 12/95 FIT (1) , CORE (38) None
Thorium-232 <LLD to 3.1 5/86, 12/95 FIT (1) , CORE (38) 92 pCi/L
Thorium-230 0.76 to 2.2 5/86 FIT (1) 83 pCi/L
Thorium-228 <LLD to 2.8 5/86, 12/95 FIT (1) , CORE (38) 153 pCi/L
Thorium-227 -0.01 to 0.26 5/86 FIT (1) 662 pCi/L
Lead-210 -0.2 to 6.7 5/86 FIT (1) 1 pCi/L
Polonium-210 0.3 to 31 5/86 FIT (1) 14 pCi/L

1. Proposed limits - For uraniums and thoriums, the value listed is the concentration in water for a lifetime mortality risk of one in ten thousand (1 x 10-4). For lead, the value listed is the concentration in water for 4 mrem effective dose equivalent per year assuming 2 liters daily intake.
2. Maximum contaminant level.


Appendix D--Pathway Tables

List of Tables

D1     On Site -- Completed Exposure Pathways
D2     Off-Site -- Completed Exposure Pathways (NonPropertyA)
D3     Off-Site -- Property A Completed Exposure Pathways
D4     Potential Exposure Pathways
NOTE: Identification of an exposure pathway in these lists does not imply that the exposure is substantive or that an adverse health effect will occur.


Table D1. On-Site -- Completed Exposure Pathways
NOTE: Identification of an exposure pathway in this list does not imply that the exposure is substantive or that an adverse health effect will occur.
ON-SITE
PATHWAY
NAME		 ON-SITE -- COMPLETED EXPOSURE PATHWAY ELEMENTS TIME
LIKELY SOURCE MEDIA POINT OF EXPOSURE ROUTE OF
EXPOSURE		 EXPOSED
POPULATION
Sludge Waste Pits
(and Nuclear Processing)		 Sludge On-site Pits Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation
Surface Radiation		 Operations and
Remedial Workers		 Past
Present
Future *
Soil Waste Pits; Refinery
Operations & Storage;
Nuclear Processing		 Soil Vicinity of Pits, Tank Farm,
Refinery, Nuclear Processing		 Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation
Surface radiation		 Operations and
Remedial Workers,
Future site users 		Past
Present
Future
Nuclear
Processing
Buildings		 Nuclear Processing Structures In and Adjacent to Process
Buildings		 Surface Radiation Processing and
Remedial Workers,
Future Structure
Users		 Past
Present
Future
Surface Water Waste Pits; Refinery
Operations & Storage		 Water Skull Creek Incidental Ingestion Operations and
Remedial Workers,
Future site users		 Past
Present
Future
Sediment Waste Pits; Refinery
Operations & Storage		 Sediment Skull Creek Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact		 Operations and
Remedial Workers,
Future site users		 Past
Present
Future
Ambient Air Refinery Operations On site Air On site Inhalation Workers and a few
on-site Residents		 Past
NOTE: Identification of an exposure pathway in this list does not imply that the exposure is substantive or that an adverse health effect will occur.
* Until sludge is placed in engineered disposal cell



Table D2. Off-Site -- Completed Exposure Pathways (NonProperty A)
NOTE: Identification of an exposure pathway in this list does not imply that the exposure is substantive or that an adverse health effect will occur.
OFF-SITE
PATHWAY
NAME		 OFF SITE --COMPLETED EXPOSURE PATHWAY ELEMENTS (NONPROPERTY A) TIME
LIKELY
SOURCE		 ENVIRONMENTAL
MEDIA		 POINT OF
EXPOSURE		 ROUTE OF
EXPOSURE		 POTENTIALLY
EXPOSED
POPULATION
Soil Likely Naturally Occurring Soil Off-site other than
Property A		 Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Area Residents
& Workers		 Past
Present
Future
Surface Water
(Creek and ponds)		 Waste Pits; Refinery
Operations & Storage,
also Naturally occurring		 Surface Water Off-site in Skull
Creek		 Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact		 Occasional
Recreational Users		 Past
Present
Future
Sediment
(Creek and ponds)		 Waste Pits; Refinery
Operations & Storage;
Nuclear Processing
also Naturally Occurring		 Sediment Skull Creek Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Surface Radiation		 Occasional
Recreational Users		 Past
Present
Future
Private Wells Likely naturally occurring Groundwater
(Private Well)		 Residences Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Users of Some Private
Wells		 Past
Present
Future
Ambient Air Refinery Operations &
Storage		 Air Area beyond Site
Boundary		 Inhalation Residents
Workers		 Past
Public Wells Likely Naturally Occurring Groundwater Area Residences
and Businesses		 Ingestion
Skin Contact		 Residents
Workers		 Past
Present
Future
NOTE: Identification of an exposure pathway in this list does not imply that the exposure is substantive or that an adverse health effect will occur.



Table D3. Off-Site -- Property A Completed Exposure Pathways
NOTE: Identification of an exposure pathway in this list does not imply that the exposure is substantive or that an adverse health effect will occur.
OFF-SITE:
PROPERTY A
PATHWAY
NAME		 OFF SITE -- PROPERTY A COMPLETED EXPOSURE PATHWAY ELEMENTS TIME
LIKELY SOURCE MEDIA POINT OF
EXPOSURE		 ROUTE OF
EXPOSURE		 EXPOSED POPULATION
Sludge Refinery operations on property A Sludge Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact		 Operations Workers on Property A Past
Sludge Refinery operations on property A Sludge Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact		 Residents of property A Past
Present
Future
Soil Refinery operations on property A,
Naturally occurring		 Surface Soil Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Site Workers on property A Past
Soil Refinery operations on property A,
Naturally occurring		 Surface Soil Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Residents of Property A Past
Present
Future
Sediment
(Ponds/drainages)		 Refinery operations on Property A,
Naturally occurring		 Sediment Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Site Workers on Property A Past
Sediment
(Ponds/drainages)		 Refinery operations on Property A,
Naturally occurring		 Sediment Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Residents of Property A Past
Present
Future
Surface Water
(Ponds/drainages)		 Refinery operations on Property A,
Naturally occurring		 Sediment Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Site Workers on Property A Past
Surface Water
(Ponds/drainages)		 Refinery operations on Property A,
Naturally occurring		 Sediment Property A Incidental Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Residents on Property A Past
Present
Future
Ambient Air Refinery operations on Property A;
also likely from Kerr McGee		 Air Property A Inhalation Workers and Residents on Property A Past
Private Well Naturally occurring, possibly
Refinery operations on property A		 Groundwater Residences on
property A		 Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation		 Users of property A private well Past
Future
NOTE: Presence of an exposure pathway in this list does not imply that the exposure is substantive or that an adverse health effect will occur.



Table D4. Potential Exposure Pathways
PATHWAY
NAME		 POTENTIAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY ELEMENTS TIME
LIKELY
SOURCE		 ENVIRONMENTAL
MEDIA		 POINT OF
EXPOSURE		 ROUTE OF
EXPOSURE		 POTENTIALLY
EXPOSED POPULATION
Sludge Waste Pits, if not fully and
adequately remediated		 Sludge and affected
soils		 On-site in vicinity
of pits		 Ingestion Future residents
Future workers		 Future
Aquatic Biota Waste Pits, Refinery
Operations & Storage,
plus Naturally Occurring		 Aquatic Biota in nearby
Ponds and Skull Creek		 Residences Ingestion Fish consumers Past
Present
Future
Terrestrial biota Waste Pits, Refinery
Operations & Storage		 Terrestrial Biota Future Residences
On-Site		 Ingestion Garden Produce and Homegrown
Beef Consumers		 Past
Present
Future
Terrestrial Biota Waste Pits;
Refinery Operations &
Storage		 Terrestrial Biota Residences Ingestion Hunters Who consume Quail or
Deer		 Past
Present
Future



Appendix E--Overview of Radioactivity and Health

Elements are composed of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are composed of smaller sub-atomic particles. In the center of the atom is the nucleus which contains two types of sub-atomic particles: the proton having a mass of 1.673 x 10-27 kilograms or a relative mass of 1 (1 atomic mass unit, amu) and carrying a positive charge, and the neutron having a mass of 1.675 x 10-27 kilograms, an amu slightly greater than 1 and carrying no charge. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons in the nucleus. This is called the atomic number. Atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element. This changes only the atomic mass. Uranium with a mass of 235 and uranium with a mass of 238 are isotopes since each has the same number of protons (92) but differ in the number of neutrons (143 or 146, respectively).

Around the nucleus are very small negatively charged particles called electrons, with a mass of 9.11 x 10-31 kilograms. The electrons orbit the nucleus in cloud-like shells or energy levels and determine the chemical properties of the atom. When the electrons are arranged in their shells so that all available positions are filled, the element is very chemically stable. However, if electrons are removed and ions are produced (ionization), it can cause the breakup of molecules or other deleterious changes within a cell. The damage produced by successive ionizations, accompanied by some repair for certain types of injuries and by no repair for others, could become serious and produce injury to living matter.

The nuclear stability of an element, however, is a result of the balance of forces in the nucleus. An atom that is unstable or radioactive will release energy (decay) in various ways to try to achieve stability. New elements are formed after decay that may be stable or radioactive. Newly formed radioactive elements (daughter products) continue to decay until they become stable elements (end products).

Radionuclides are characterized by the type and energy level of the radiation emitted. Ionizing radiation emissions fall into two major categories: particulates capable of producing ions (e.g., alpha and beta particles) or electromagnetic radiation (gamma and x-rays).

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons emitted from the nucleus of the parent element (+2 charge). This emission reduces the atomic number by two and the atomic mass by four and produces a new element. As in the example of uranium 238, the radioactive decay emits an alpha particle and yields thorium 234 (atomic number 90) plus energy.

Each alpha emission has a characteristic energy release. The alpha particle has a comparably large size and, therefore, has a great ability to react or ionize other molecules but has very little penetrating power. Generally, they cannot penetrate a piece of paper or the outer layer of human skin. However, if inhaled or ingested, alpha particles react quickly in localized areas of soft tissues such as in the lungs or liver.

Beta particles carry a single negative charge. Radionuclides with an excess of neutrons in the nucleus achieve stability by beta decay (emission of a negatively charged particle resulting in a decrease in the number of neutrons but an increase in the number of protons by one with no change in the atomic mass). As an example thorium 234 (atomic number 90) emits a beta particle and yields protactinium 234 (atomic number 91) plus energy.

Beta emitting radionuclides can cause injury to the skin and superficial body tissue but are most destructive when inhaled or ingested. Beta emitters can be similar chemically to naturally occurring body elements and will tend to accumulate in certain specific tissues or organs (target organs). For example, strontium 90 mimics calcium and as a result accumulates in the bones. The health effects of beta particle emissions depend upon the function of the target organ, the radiosensitivity of the target organ, the quantity of radioactive material ingested or inhaled, and the retention time of the radioactive material in a specific organ or in the body. The beta emitting radionuclides at the Kerr-McGee Cushing site are daughter products of natural uranium and thorium.

Gamma emissions are simply the energy released during nuclear transformations. This has been shown in the previous equations as "+ energy". Gamma and x-rays behave similarly but differ in their origin: Gamma emissions originate in the nucleus and x-rays result from energy level changes with the orbiting electrons. The emission of gamma or x-rays does not change the atomic number or atomic mass.

Gamma radiation penetrates the body from the outside and does not require ingestion or inhalation to damage body tissue. Gamma radiation is not directly ionizing; that is, it is not the direct cause of tissue damage in the body as are alpha and beta radiation. Gamma emissions, which have no charge, can penetrate through a medium without interacting until, by chance, they collide with electrons or nuclei and can liberate charged particles. These charged particles then produce ionizations, and damage to the cell or tissue can be the result.

We receive gamma radiation all the time from naturally occurring radioactive decay processes going on in rocks in our environment, from radioactive materials naturally present inside our bodies, from atmospheric fallout from nuclear testing or explosions, and from space or cosmic sources. This contributes to what is called background radiation. Exposure to natural background radiation may contribute to a slight increase in the risk of cancer.

Radioactivity is measured in units of disintegrations per second (dps) called curies (Ci) or becquerels (Bq). One curie (the unit traditionally used) is equal to 3.7 x 1010 dps. One becquerel (the new International System of Units (SI) unit currently used) is equal to one dps. A picocurie (pCi) is a million millionth of a curie (1 x 10-12 Ci) and is commonly used to quantify radioactive material in the environment. One becquerel is equal to 27 pCi. These disintegrations are independent of the chemical nature and the mass of the compound. The number of dps does not relate to the harmful nature of the isotope. A unit of exposure to ionizing radiation, roentgen (R), is the amount of gamma or x-rays required to produce ions in air under certain conditions. The unit used to describe the absorbed dose in any medium is rad or gray (Gy). One Gy is equal to 100 rad. These units still do not relate well to the different types of radiation and how they react in the body. Since alpha particles are not very penetrating, they transfer their energy in a very localized area and can produce greater injury for a given absorbed dose. The factor used to express the effectiveness of this linear energy transfer is called the quality factor, which is highest for alpha particles, and the lowest for gamma and x-rays. When the absorbed dose in rad is multiplied by this quality factor and other modifying factors, the result is the dose equivalent expressed in rem, or sievert (Sv). (1 Sv = 100 rem)

External gamma measurements may be taken with a tissue equivalent measurement device which records the dose in microrem, or with a device that records the dose in roentgen (R). For the purposes of this study one µR was assumed to be equivalent to one µrem.

For more information please consult the references used for this discussion:

ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Uranium, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ATSDR, Atlanta, GA, 1990

Shapiro J. Radiation Protection, A Guide for Scientists and Physicians. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981


Appendix F--Health Outcome Data


Table F1 Health Outcome Data Evaluation
Cancer Type and Sex Age Numbers of Cancer Deaths Observed in Population for 15 Year Period and Age Adjusted Mortality Rate (AAMR) per 100,000
Cushing Remainder of
Payne County		 State of
Oklahoma		 Significance of
Comparison
Females:
Total Population		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+		 19980
7920
5820
5355
7035
8625
6765		 48465
19890
15210
12000
11085
9120
6315		 9175800
3565950
2571735
2315175
2232420
1914750
1452945		 ---
Females:
All Cancers		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 1
2
7
11
25
42
66
154
175		 2
3
6
21
28
54
59
173
157		 417
507
1512
3810
7690
11138
14681
39755
171		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Note: NSD = no significant difference
Females:
Pancreatic (157)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
3
0
3
5
11
13		 0
0
0
2
0
1
8
11
10		 0
6
28
121
350
662
1003
2170
9		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Females:
Breast (174)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
2
3
4
11
11
31
36		 0
1
1
7
4
10
7
30
27		 8
129
491
1019
1551
1776
1801
6775
29		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Females:
Lymphatic (200-203)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
0
1
3
4
8
8		 0
0
2
0
0
5
8
15
14		 42
42
57
161
394
701
986
2383
10		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Female:
Genitourinary (179-184)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
1
1
1
5
5
8
21
25		 0
0
1
3
3
8
5
20
18		 19
81
227
505
908
1302
1475
4517
19		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Females:
Bladder (188)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0		 0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1		 2
1
3
10
52
122
337
527
2		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Females:
Kidney (189)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0		 0
0
0
0
3
1
0
4
4		 10
6
22
62
137
210
287
734
3		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Females:
Gastrointestinal
(151-156)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
2
8
9
15
34
37		 0
0
1
3
6
9
16
35
32		 33
48
149
413
1012
2005
3830
7490
32		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Females:
Lung (162)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
1
0
4
7
12
24
25		 0
0
0
2
9
13
9
33
30		 8
15
199
851
1948
2456
1821
7298
31		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Females:
Leukemias (204-208)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 1
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
4		 1
0
0
3
0
2
4
10
9		 122
55
59
99
180
343
701
1559
7		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Males:
Total Population		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+		 21030
7425
5790
5115
5550
5460
3930		 51825
20775
14535
13140
10725
7950
4920		 9675960
3567660
2486565
2165775
1980420
1456245
817950		 ---
Males:
All Cancers		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 3
1
4
13
34
53
70
178
225		 2
3
5
20
37
86
88
241
190		 621
456
1195
3920
10627
16102
16602
49523
223		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne significantly less than OK. Alpha =.025. Qualifying tests for MHD not passed.
Males:
Pancreatic (157)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
0
0
4
4
8
9		 0
0
0
0
4
3
7
14
11		 3
9
49
182
467
778
777
2265
10		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Males:
Prostate (185)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
0
3
5
22
30
32		 0
0
0
3
0
11
14
28
22		 9
0
0
36
432
1547
3139
5163
24		 Cushing significantly higher than OK, Alpha =0.10. Qualifiying tests for MHD not passed.
Payne/OK; NSD
Males:
Lymphatic (200-203)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 1
0
0
0
0
3
2
6
8		 0
1
1
1
1
5
8
17
13		 71
64
106
218
461
739
552
2211
10		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Males:
Bladder (188)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
1
2
2
2
7
9		 0
0
0
0
1
1
4
6
5		 1
2
6
42
152
379
599
1181
5		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Males:
Kidney (189)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2		 0
0
0
1
2
4
1
8
6		 7
13
58
139
327
367
293
1204
5		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Males:
Gastrointestinal
(151-156)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
1
1
3
11
9
25
30		 0
1
0
2
2
13
21
39
30		 23
59
178
496
1379
2315
2807
7257
33		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD
Males:
Lung (162)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 0
0
1
8
16
23
19
67
88		 0
0
2
6
16
31
20
75
60		 9
37
353
1758
5031
6787
4676
18651
84		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; signifi-cantly less than OK, Alpha >0.05. Data passed qualifying tests.
Males:
Leukemias (204-208)		 <25
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75+
Total
AAMR		 1
0
1
0
0
2
2
6
8		 1
0
1
0
2
9
3
16
13		 204
58
79
147
310
577
671
2046
9		 Cushing/OK; NSD
Payne/OK; NSD



Appendix G--Public Comments

The public health assessment was available for public review and comment in the local library for a period ending December 2, 1996. The comment period was published in the local paper, and notices were mailed to nearby residents. In addition, the document was sent to several agencies and persons. Specific comments -- except for those addressing grammar or punctuation -- and responses are summarized below. Where appropriate, the text presented in this final version has been changed. Any page numbers mentioned in the comments below refer to pagination in the October 16, 1996 public comment version of the document.

1. COMMENT: Property A is not part of the Kerr-McGee site and should be separated from it.

    Response: See Comment 17.

2. COMMENT: On Page 3; the waste volume has been estimated to be closer to 400,000 cubic yards.

    Response: The text has been modified.

3. COMMENT: On Page 8; Sandstone lenses of the Vanoss Group have been documented to occur as shallow as 10 feet below ground surface.

    Response: The text has been modified.

4. COMMENT: On Page 10; The Cushing Public Works Department no longer discharges treated effluent into Skull Creek.

    Response: The text has been modified.

5. COMMENT: Page 14; The subject well was resampled by ODEQ on July 18, 1995. Two samples (from well and tap) were obtained. Both samples were analyzed for organic pollutants and priority pollutant metals, which include lead. None of the pollutants exceeded Primary Drinking Water Regulations or health risk-based standards as set by the U.S. EPA.

    Response: The text has been revised to reflect the lead concentrations.

6. COMMENT: Page 17; An explanation should be furnished distinguishing dose related (non-stocastic) and non-dose related (stochastic) health effects, since cancer is associated with non-dose effects (stochastic).

    Response: The appropriate explanations have been added to the text.

7. COMMENT: Page 17, Paragraph 1; Please specify if the organ damage is referring to dose or non-dose related health effects. An explanation may also be in order that non-dose health effects are documented at relatively high doses and rates. Moreover, due to radiation safety standards, the risk from low-level radiation is estimated from the high-dose cases. In addition, when referring to cancerous health effects, dose should be addressed in units of rem while non-cancerous effects should be in units of rads.

    Response: The discussion of organ damage is a general discussion and ATSDR does not believe that further discussion is necessary. The commenter use of rem and rad, however, is incorrect. The Rem (replaced by the Sievert) is a dosimetric quantity describing both the equivalent dose (effective dose multiplied by a tissue weighting factor) or the committed equivalent dose, which is integrated over a specified period of time. This time is 50 years for workers and 70 years for a member of the public. The Rad (now replaced by the Gray) is an equivalent dose calculated by summing the radiation dose to each tissue and multiplying by the appropriate radiation weighting factor. Neither term pertains to cancer or non-cancerous effects. In general, the rem is used when a radiation dose is estimated from biomodels. The rad is used when bioassay data and the amount of radionuclide present in a tissue are known. ATSDR recommends that the commenter review the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 60.

8. COMMENT: Page 18; Since all radioactive material produces ionizing radiation of some type, the sentence in paragraph 2 should be revised to state: "...contain elevated levels of both ionizing gamma radiation and radioactive material."

    Response: ATSDR does not see the need for modification. The contaminants at the site release both particulate ionizing radiation in the form of alpha particles and/or beta particles. In addition to the particulate radiation, electromagnetic radiation in the form of gamma or photon radiation is released. Therefore, no specific changes are needed as the current wording, "ionizing radiation" addresses all aspects of the emitted radiation.

9. COMMENT: Please specify the method (e.g., zip code or other) used in distinguishing population as being Cushing or Stillwater residents.

    Response: Zip code.

10. COMMENT: Page 21; Property A already has residential population.

    Response: Text has been modified.

11. COMMENT: Page 23; The sentence should read, "Water samples obtained from that pond do not show..."

    Response: The text has been modified.

12. COMMENT: Page 23 and 24; These pages mention the Colby public water system. Please discuss what that system is, where it is located, and who it serves.

    Response: "Colby" is an error; it should have been "Cushing" and refers to the public water system serving the Cushing community. The text has been modified to reflect the correct name.

13. COMMENT: Page 45; In discussing the off-site sludges, please clarify whether they are believed to be from activities attributed to Property A or from the Kerr-McGee Refinery.

    Response: The text has been modified to show that the sludges on Property A are believed to result from former refinery operations on that property.

14. COMMENT: Pages 53-57, Table C1 lists the range of contaminant concentrations in column 2. Please explain what is meant by the 'ND', in this situation.

    Response: The List of Acronyms, which immediately precedes Table C1 has been modified to show that "1000D" means that the constituent was analyzed for but not detected and the associated numerical value is the sample laboratory quantitation limit.

15. COMMENT: Page 114, Table D1; A future pathway should be designated as a potential completed pathway.

    Response: The document has not been modified. There are differing points of view about designating future pathways as potential or completed. Our review of this table reaffirms our choice to designate these as completed pathways. This choice is based principally on the following:
    1) The level of exposure associated with completed future pathways does not have to be substantive. Exposure need only occur, even at nominal concentrations. For all the media where contaminants occur presently, we believe at least nominal residual concentrations will exist for the foreseeable future, even where remediation is fully and satisfactorily completed.
    2) We assert that the "present" ends today and the "future" begins tomorrow, and believe that exposure-related activities that occur today (the present) will also occur tomorrow (the future).
    3) Thus, it's expected that today's (present) completed pathways will continue tomorrow (future) to be completed pathways--and for some undefinable further (future) period of time.

16. COMMENT: Page 118, Paragraph 1; The correct mass of a proton is 1.6725E-27 kg while the correct mass of a neutron is 1.6748E-27 kg. The sentence may need to be revised to state; " the proton having a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu) and the neutron having a mass of approximately 1 amu...". A definition of atomic mass unit may also be in order.

    Response: The appropriate changes have been made. The mass of the proton, neutron, and electron were added.

17. COMMENT: Public health risks associated with Property A, which was never either owned or operated by Kerr-McGee should be deleted from this report. The title of the assessment names the Kerr-McGee refinery site. At the least it is confusing when potential health hazards associated with another site are addressed in a report dealing with the Kerr-McGee site, and it could result in claims being wrongfully directed at Kerr - McGee.

Additionally, although it may be appropriate to mention the elevated levels of naturally occurring elements (e.g., iron and sodium) in groundwater and drinking water supplies as a potential health risk, they would best be addressed in a separate report. It's believed that some local residents interpreted the assessment as an allegation that Kerr-McGee is responsible for these potential public health hazards.

    Response: Here, and in Comment 1, ATSDR is being requested to address in a separate report any issue that is not directly associated with the Kerr-McGee property and associated activities. We understand the commenter's concern that readers may incorrectly view Kerr-McGee to be responsible for actions and hazards that have other causes. However, for ATSDR to competently address public health aspects of the community that might be affected by the Kerr-McGee site, it is necessary to consider other plausible contaminant-related health issues that might also affect those same people -- perhaps in an additive or synergistic manner. We believe that such information needs to be contained in a single document so the community can reasonably understand it. However, where practical, the document has been modified to especially identify site-related contaminants and issues and nonsite-related contaminants and issues..

18. COMMENT: Some statements alarm rather than inform. For example, on Page 1, the Summary states, "the Kerr-McGee site is considered a public health hazard because...(emphasis by commenter). The remainder of the sentence contains actions that would make the site a public health hazard;

    "children and adults could be exposed...if"
    "...areas are not adequately remediated as planned..."
    "and are subsequently developed for residential use.

Read in full context, a person trained in technical issues may say that this sentence does not say that the site is a hazard, rather it could be a hazard if a series of highly unlikely circumstances occurred in the future. However, local citizens can easily receive the impression that the site is currently a public health hazard! ATSDR does itself and Kerr-McGee a disservice in presenting its conclusions in such an alarming and misrepresentative manner.

This sentence could be equally accurate and more precisely describe the actual hazard if written more like the following:

    The Kerr-McGee site does not currently present a health hazard to the public. However, if Kerr-McGee does not complete planned remedial activities, and the property is later developed for residential use, residents could be exposed in the future to contaminants and radioactive materials that might harm their health.
    Response: Text has been modified to reflect concept presented in the paragraph immediately preceding this response.

19. COMMENT: In a Site Decommissioning Plan submitted in April 1994, Kerr-McGee proposed to bury some licensed radioactive material that exceeds existing limits for unrestricted use in an on site disposal cell. Since then, the plan has been revised, and a contract has been executed with a licensed disposal facility to receive that material. NRC and ODEQ were notified of this change in September, 1996.

    Response: Text has been changed.

20. COMMENT: ATSDR has recommended that dust control measures be implemented during remedial activity. Instead, the assessment report should state that dust control measures have been and are being implemented in all remedial activity currently being performed, and all that has been performed to date. Asbestos removal and radioactive soil cleanup have been performed and air monitors have shown no measurable dust emissions. Dust control measures are being employed for the ongoing acid sludge remediation and disposal cell construction. State-of-the-art monitoring equipment is documenting the fact that dust control measures are effective.

    Response: The recommendation has been deleted and the text has been modified to provide information about past and continuing dust control.

21. COMMENT: This report appears to be several years past due as it seems it was to be completed in 1991. Why such a delay?

    Response: ATSDR published an initial release of the assessment (and met it's mandated due date) in 1990 but subsequently decided that the document did not address key issues in an adequate manner. ATSDR deferred completing the assessment due, in part, to competing agency priorities and new site investigation and remediation information that impacted document content.

22. COMMENT: A resident expresses several contamination concerns:

    A. The (site) area has been polluted heavily in Sections 22 and 27. Pit 4 has had some extremely hazardous materials deposited in it. The earth where the disposal cell is being constructed emits vapors that ignite.
    B. Hazardous material extends 4 to 5 feet deep in several locations (off-site) beneath the water surface in the creek bed.
    C. Drinking water from private well is contaminated.
    Responses:
    A. ATSDR, while conducting this assessment, has been aware of -- and has accounted for -- the contamination in the site area, including the contamination in Pit 4. Based on the contamination information reviewed, ATSDR is not surprised that there are materials that emit vapors that could ignite under certain conditions. The plan for constructing the disposal cell is expected to include provisions for first removing any unsuitable soil or other materials, such as ignitable materials.
    B. The shallow creek sediment sampling conducted to date does not appear to support a concern that deeper deposits of highly contaminated materials are present.
    C. The resident's well water was analyzed for a variety of metals, organic chemicals, and radioactive contaminants. Any contaminants detected were not at levels of public health concern. ATSDR has recommended agencies conduct annual sampling until there is assurance that the site will not influence well water quality.

COMMENT: One resident stated that most people will agree the ground water will be poisonous for several years to come. I'm extremely concerned about my drinking water.

    Response: ATSDR's evaluation of groundwater in the area of the Kerr-McGee site, showed that the Kerr-McGee site was not contaminating that groundwater. ATSDR has evaluated contaminants reported in area groundwater data. Samples from a private well did find low levels of lead and iron. Since the private well was not being used for drinking water, no one was being exposed. Water samples from another private well and from a public well found elevated levels of iron, which exceed EPA's secondary MCL. Exceeding the secondary MCL means that the water may taste or smell bad but will not be harmful to someone's health. In addition, while some public well supplies contained elevated levels of sodium, it's uncertain whether or not those levels were being drunk by people since the public water was mixed with other water before being distributed to people's home. The elevated levels of sodium might be a concern for people who are on a salt restricted diet. Please read the Public Health Implication Section, under the drinking water pathway subsection for more information about exposure to sodium.

COMMENT: One resident stated that over the years tumors, stomach problems, birth defects, and cancer were rampant in the community and asked whether or not the contaminants at the site could be responsible.

    Response: ATSDR's evaluation of cancer statistics showed that cancer rates are not higher than expected for women who live in Cushing. While the overall cancer rate for men in Cushing was found to be lower than expected, the men in Cushing had a higher death rate from prostate cancer than expected. It's difficult to be certain of the results of the cancer analysis, however, because the number of cancers and the number of people in the population studied was small. This evaluation of cancer rates cannot be used to determine if the Kerr-McGee site has caused cancer in people who worked there or who lived near the site. The reader is referred to the cancer discussion in the Public Health Implication Section, Health Outcome Evaluation subsection.

COMMENT: One resident stated that he or she worked at Kerr-McGee, swam and fished in the ponds, and hunted in the area. The resident wanted to know whether or not the fish, frogs, quail, and deer are contaminated.

    Response: No information exists for contaminant levels in fish and game on the site; therefore, ATSDR cannot answer this question completely. From our evaluation of the chemicals that were detected on the site; no chemicals were detected that are known to accumulate in fish and game to hazardous levels.

COMMENT One resident stated that they had worked at Kerr-McGee in the 1970s in various activities.

    Response: It is not possible for ATSDR to draw firm conclusions about the health hazards of workers exposed to chemicals while working at the facility. The reason is that ATSDR does not have historical information about the level of chemicals in air, soil, or drinking water while the workers were doing their jobs. Based on the level of metals found in the sludge pits, however, it does not appear that workmen were working with waste that was highly contaminated with inorganic metals and hence workmen are not likely to have been exposed to inorganic metals that would have affected their health.

COMMENT: One resident was concerned about health effects since the resident has a child that was born with a birth defect.

    Response: In ATSDR's evaluation of the chemicals and pathways of exposure associated with the Kerr-McGee site, we did not find any evidence that residents were exposed to chemicals that might cause birth defects

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