| Volatile Organic Compounds
Chloromethane
Bromomethane
Chloroethane
Methylene Chloride
Acetome
Carbon Disulfide
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethylene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
2-Butanone
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Vinyl Acetate
Bromodichloromethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Cis-1,3-dichloropropylene
Trichloroethylene
Divromochloromethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
Bromoform
4-methyl-2-pentanone
2-Hexanone
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Xylene (total) |
Inorganic Chemicals
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Indicators
Alkalinity
Chloride
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Fluoride
Nitrate
Sulfate
Total Dissolved Solids |
| Semivolatile Organic Compounds
Phenol
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
2-chlorophenol
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Benzyl Alcohol
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1-Methylphenol
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
4-Methylphenol
N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine
Hexachloroethane
Nitrobenzene
Isopherone
2-Nitrophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Benzoic Acid
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
2,4-Dichlorophenol
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Naphthalene
4-Chloroaniline
Hexachlorobutadiene
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
2-methylnaphthalene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
2,4,5-trichlorophenol
2-chloronaphthalene
2-nitroaniline
Dimethyl phthalate
Acenaphthylene |
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
3-nitroaniline
Acenaphthene
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Dibenzofuran
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Diethylphthalate
4-chlorophenyl-phenylether
Fluorene
4-nitroaniline
4,6-dinitro-2-methylphenol
N-nitrosodiphenylaniline
4-bromophenoyl-phenylether
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Di-n-butylphthalate
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Butylbenzylphthalate
3,3-dichlorobenzidine
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene |
- Comments on adequacy of EPA's selection of a 2-foot clay (solid waste) cap rather than a
hazardous waste cap with a synthetic liner to reduce leachate production: Several people
submitted comments expressing concern that the EPA's selected remedy for source control would
not adequately control the discharge of leachate to river and that PCBs in leachate would seep
into the Sheboygan River. Other comments expressed concern that the assessment gave the
inaccurate impression that PCBs are flowing with dissolved organic solvents from buried waste
in the landfill to the river. Some comments noted that, because of a potential for PCBs and
heavy metals in groundwater near the waste to flow to the river, there should be additional well
installation and on-going monitoring of groundwater and leachate for PCBs and metals.
Response: Because of the fish consumption advisory on year-round resident species of fish in
the river, concern about PCB contamination in the Sheboygan River is appropriate. PCBs were
found in landfill waste, in monitoring wells adjacent to landfill waste, in floodplain soils between
the landfill and the river, and in river sediments. Because there are significant levels of PCBs
upstream of the landfill, the upstream sources may account for the PCBs in the floodplain and
river sediments by the landfill. While the remedial investigation did find several organic solvents
flowing from landfill waste to the river, the investigation did not find PCBs flowing from landfill
wastes to the river. Because of the river's diluting effect, organic solvent levels in the river are
not expected to affect human health. These points have been clarified in the health assessment.
The EPA and the WDNR are the agencies that decide which specific remedial measures (source
control and groundwater remediation) are required for the site. The EPA solicited public
comment on its proposed method for capping the landfill from 14 October 1991 to 6 January
1992.
- Comments on the location of the river floodplain relative to the landfill site: A couple people
noted that, while the east half of the landfill is on an historical floodplain, the legal floodplain is
at the edge of the waste-filled area.
Response: This information was clarified in the site description.
- Comment received 18 June 1993: Add to the summary that Kohler also manufactures small
engines. The foundry contributing waste sands, pollution control sludge, etc. is part of the small
engine manufacturing facility.
Response: The summary and site description were revised as recommended.
- Comment received 18 June 1993: Site operations have changed since the last site visit. No
longer are larger pits used for slurried wastes. Slurried wastes are now deposited in shallow
trenches.
Response: The description of physical hazards was updated and the conclusion and
recommendation concerning the larger pits were deleted.
- Comment postmarked 25 June 1993: Disagree with statement that organizations do not appear
to be concerned specifically with the Kohler Company Landfill site.
Response: The description of community health concerns was revised.
- Comment postmarked 30 June 1993: Concern with Hmong anglers being unaware of the fish
consumption advisory for the river.
Response: The Division of Health, in cooperation with several state and local organizations, has
undertaken a number of educational efforts aimed at informing Hmong anglers and their families
about the health hazards from eating Sheboygan River fish. These efforts are described in the
Public Health Assessment for the Sheboygan River and Harbor.
- Comment postmarked 2 July 1993: The EPA conducted a soil vapor survey in June 1990 (RI
appendix S). These data should be included with information about environmental
contamination.
Response: The description of on-site air contamination was revised to include these data.
- Comment postmarked 2 July 1993: Groundwater monitoring wells and two residential wells
were sampled after the RI was completed. These data should also be reported.
Response: The description of off-site groundwater contamination was updated to include these
data.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: It is inaccurate to say that groundwater contains PCBs.
Filtered samples of groundwater do not contain PCBs, only unfiltered samples do.
Response: The assessment was revised to say that unfiltered groundwater contains PCBs.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: All data collected during the RI indicates that all
groundwater impacted by the site flows to the Sheboygan River. There is no evidence that
groundwater flows beneath the Sheboygan River to nearby wells. "Worst case scenarios are
intended to account for variables in exposure dose calculations. They are not intended to turn an
unlikely route of migration into a possible route of migration."
Response: The pathways section was revised to reflect the strength of indications that
groundwater under the landfill discharges to the river. The Division of Health continues to
recommend on-going testing of monitoring wells across the river from the site because the level
of VOCs in groundwater under the landfill are so high and because the computer model used for
the RI may not reflect the complexity of groundwater flow through fractured bedrock.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: The schedule for closing the landfill in 1995 is
tentative.
Response: The assessment was revised to note this information.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: The discussion of aquifers underlying the site is
misleading. The description of the geologic strata should be clarified.
Response: The site description was revised as suggested.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: The statement that the water table lies a few feet below
the ground surface at the top of the site and slopes down to the river should be clarified.
Response: The site description was revised as suggested.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: While the site is not fenced, it is posted and regularly
patrolled. The patrols have not noted unauthorized access to the site.
Response: This information was added to descriptions of site accessibility.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: The description of the installation of monitoring wells
is inaccurate with regard to their number, location, and depth.
Response: The description of on-site and off-site groundwater wells was revised and updated to
clarify well locations.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: The statement that VOC levels were detected in the air
above the site during drilling operations is misleading. This could be misinterpreted to suggest
that elevated VOCs were widespread. Air was monitored in a borehole or immediately adjacent
to a recently collected sample.
Response: The description of on-site air contamination was clarified to reflect this information.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: VOCs normally associated with gasoline were detected
in Monitoring Well 15 across the Sheboygan RIver from the site in 12/91 and 1/92. The unique
chemical signature of the compounds detected suggests that the chemicals are associated with the
nearby highway rather than from the landfill.
Response: This possible source was added to the description of the results.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: The residential well was resampled on 5/16/91 using
much lower detection limits and no VOCs were detected.
Response: The description of off-site groundwater contamination was revised to include these
data.
- Comment postmarked 15 July 1993: The relevance of TRI information is not clear. Would it
be more appropriate to include other dischargers within the zip code?
Response: The Toxic Chemical Release Inventory is used to identify additional, nearby sources
of site-related contamination. This information is intended to assist with the evaluation of
exposure to nearby populations. In this case the results of the TRI clarify the difficulty of
evaluating ambient air contamination associated with the landfill because the nearby factory
appears to be a significant source of VOCs to air. This explanation was added to the assessment.
- Comment marked 20 July 1993: Agree with recommendation that domestic well sites
continue to be monitored.
Response: Nearby residential wells were tested at lower detection limits in 1992 and no VOCs
were found. The Division of Health recommends on-going monitoring of wells across the river
from the site.
- Comment marked 20 July 1993: Agree that access to the landfill site should be restricted,
presumably with a fence and signs.
- Comment marked 20 July 1993: Agree with recommendation that leachate and surface
runoff continue to be monitored.
- Comment marked 20 July 1993: Support the idea that, with their permission, anglers who eat
fish from the Sheboygan River should be monitored for long-term health effects.
Response: With assistance from ATSDR, the Wisconsin Division of Health and WDNR are
conducting (in 1994) an exposure investigation of Sheboygan River anglers and of family
members in certain households. The results of this investigation will help to determine the need
for additional health studies.
- Comment marked 20 July 1993: Support idea that public health education efforts be
undertaken by the State of Wisconsin to alert people to the connection between chronic health
problems and environmental degradation, in general and with specific reference to the Sheboygan
River.
