Chromium Toxicity

Literature Cited

Print
Related Pages

Download Printer-Friendly Version [PDF – 482 KB]

References
  • Adams, R. M. (1990). “In: Occupational Skin Disease, 2nd ed., Adams, RM, ed.” Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 26-31.
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2000). “Toxicological Profile for Chromium.” https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=62&tid=17.
  • Aitio, A., J. Jarvisalo, et al. (1984). “Urinary excretion of chromium as an indicator of exposure to trivalent chromium sulphate in leather tanning.” International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health 54(3): 241-9.
  • Axelsson, G., R. Rylander, et al. (1980). “Mortality and incidence of tumours among ferrochromium workers.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 37(2): 121-7.
  • Baetjer, A. M. (1950). Pulmonary carcinoma in chromate workers. 1. A review of the literature and report of cases, A. M. A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Occupational Medicine. 2(5):487-504, 1950 Nov.
  • Baranowska-Dutkiewicz, B. (1981). “Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man.” Archives of Toxicology 47(1): 47-50.
  • Bonde, J. P., J. H. Olsen, et al. (1992). “Adverse pregnancy outcome and childhood malignancy with reference to paternal welding exposure.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 18(3): 169-77.
  • Bradberry, S. M. and J. A. Vale (1999). “Therapeutic review: is ascorbic acid of value in chromium poisoning and chromium dermatitis?” Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 37(2): 195-200.
  • Braver, E. R., P. Infante, et al. (1985). “An analysis of lung cancer risk from exposure to hexavalent chromium.” Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, & Mutagenesis 5(5): 365-78.
  • Bruynzeel, D. P., G. Hennipman, et al. (1988). “Irritant contact dermatitis and chrome-passivated metal.” Contact Dermatitis 19(3): 175-9.
  • Cohen, M. D. and M. Costa (1998). In: Rom WN, ed. Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Third Edition. Philadelphia, Lipponcott-Raven Publishers: pp.1045-1052.
  • Cohen, M. D., B. Kargacin, et al. (1993). “Mechanisms of chromium carcinogenicity and toxicity.” Critical Reviews in Toxicology 23(3): 255-81.
  • Davies, J. M. (1984). “Lung cancer mortality among workers making lead chromate and zinc chromate pigments at three English factories.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 41(2): 158-69.
  • Dayan, A. D. and A. J. Paine (2001). “Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000.” Human & Experimental Toxicology 20(9): 439-51.
  • De Flora, S., G. S. Badolati, et al. (1987). “Circadian reduction of chromium in the gastric environment.” Mutation Research 192(3): 169-74.
  • De Flora, S., M. Bagnasco, et al. (1990). “Genotoxicity of chromium compounds. A review.” Mutation Research 238(2): 99-172.
  • De Mattia, G., M. C. Bravi, et al. (2004). “Impairment of cell and plasma redox state in subjects professionally exposed to chromium.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 46(2): 120-5.
  • Deng, J. F., A. K. Fleeger, et al. (1990). “An outbreak of chromium ulcer in a manufacturing plant.” Veterinary & Human Toxicology 32(2): 142-6.
  • Donaldson, R. M., Jr. and R. F. Barreras (1966). “Intestinal absorption of trace quantities of chromium.” Journal of Laboratory & Clinical Medicine 68(3): 484-93.
  • Ellis, E. N., B. H. Brouhard, et al. (1982). “Effects of hemodialysis and dimercaprol in acute dichromate poisoning.” Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 19(3): 249-58.
  • EPA (1984a). “Health assessment document for chromium.” Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental Assessment and Criteria Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 600/8-83-014F.
  • EPA (1998). “Toxicological Review of Trivalent Chromium. CAS No. 16065-83-1. In support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.”
  • EPA (1999 h). “U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 141.32.”
  • Fagliano, J. A., J. Savrin, et al. (1997). “Community exposure and medical screening near chromium waste sites in New Jersey.” Regulatory Toxicology & Pharmacology 26(1 Pt 2): S13-22.
  • Federal Register (2006). “Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium; Final Rule” Vol. 71, No. 39(Tuesday, February 28, 2006 / Rules and Regulations
  • Foa, V., L. Riboldi, et al. (1988). “Effects derived from long-term low-level chromium exposure in ferro-alloy metallurgy. Study of absorption and renal function in workers.” Science of the Total Environment 71(3): 389-400.
  • Franchini, I. and A. Mutti (1988). “Selected toxicological aspects of chromium(VI) compounds.” Science of the Total Environment 71(3): 379-87.
  • Fregert, S. and S. Fregert (1981). “Chromium valencies and cement dermatitis.” British Journal of Dermatology 105 Suppl 21: 7-9.
  • Frentzel-Beyme, R. (1983). “Lung cancer mortality of workers employed in chromate pigment factories. A multicentric European epidemiological study.” Journal of Cancer Research & Clinical Oncology 105(2): 183-8.
  • Gad, S. C. (1989). “Acute and chronic systemic chromium toxicity.[erratum appears in Sci Total Environ 1990 Jun;95:295].” Science of the Total Environment 86(1-2): 149-57.
  • Geller, R. (2001). “Chromium.” In:Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. Sullivan, JB, Jr. and Krieger, GR, editors. 2nd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
  • Gibb, H. J., P. S. Lees, et al. (2000). “Clinical findings of irritation among chromium chemical production workers.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38(2): 127-31.
  • Gibb, H. J., P. S. Lees, et al. (2000). “Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production.[see comment].” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38(2): 115-26.
  • Goulart, M., M. C. Batoreu, et al. (2005). “Lipoperoxidation products and thiol antioxidants in chromium exposed workers.” Mutagenesis 20(5): 311-5.
  • Grant, W. M. (1993). “Toxicology of the Eye.” 34th ed, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.: pp 398.
  • Hantson, P., O. Van Caenegem, et al. (2005). “Hexavalent chromium ingestion: biological markers of nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity.” Clinical Toxicology: The Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology & European Association of Poisons Centres & Clinical Toxicologists 43(2): 111-2.
  • Hathaway, G. J., N. H. Proctor, et al. (1996). Chemical Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY.
  • Hay, E., H. Derazon, et al. (2000). “Suicide by ingestion of a CCA wood preservative.” Journal of Emergency Medicine 19(2): 159-63.
  • Hayes, R. B., A. M. Lilienfeld, et al. (1979). “Mortality in chromium chemical production workers: a prospective study.” International Journal of Epidemiology 8(4): 365-74.
  • HazDat (2000.). “Hazardous substances database.” Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA.
  • Henderson, R. F., A. H. Rebar, et al. (1979). “Early damage indicators in the lungs. IV. Biochemical and cytologic response of the lung to lavage with metal salts.” Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 51(1): 129-35.
  • Hjollund, N. H., J. P. Bonde, et al. (1995). “Male-mediated risk of spontaneous abortion with reference to stainless steel welding.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 21(4): 272-6.
  • HSDB (2000). “Hazardous Substances Data Bank.” National Library Of Medicine. Bethesda, MD, Thomson Micromedex, CO.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (1990). “Chromium, Nickel and Welding.” IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinigenic Risks to Human, 49, Lyon.
  • Katz, S. A. and H. Salem (1993). “The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: a review.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 13(3): 217-24.
  • Kaufman, D. B., W. DiNicola, et al. (1970). “Acute potassium dichromate poisoning. Treated by peritoneal dialysis.” American Journal of Diseases of Children 119(4): 374-6.
  • Kelly, W. F., P. Ackrill, et al. (1982). “Cutaneous absorption of trivalent chromium: tissue levels and treatment by exchange transfusion.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 39(4): 397-400.
  • Kiilunen, M., H. Kivisto, et al. (1983). “Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium during occupational exposure to chromium lignosulfonate dust.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 9(3): 265-71.
  • Kirschbaum, B. B., F. M. Sprinkel, et al. (1981). “Proximal tubule brush border alterations during the course of chromate nephropathy.” Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 58(1): 19-30.
  • Kolaciski, Z., P. Kostrzewski, et al. (1999). “Acute potassium dichromate poisoning: a toxicokinetic case study.” Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 37(6): 785-91.
  • Korallus, U., H. Ehrlicher, et al. (1974b). “Trivalent chromium compounds – results of a study in occupational medicine. Part 2. Disease status analysis.” Arb Soz Prev 9: 76-79. (German).
  • Langard, S. (1983). “The carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in man and animals.” In: Burrow, C., Ed. Chromium: Metabolism and Toxicity. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, pp. 13-30.
  • Langard S (1980). “A survey of respiratory symptoms and lung function in ferrochromium and ferrosillicon workers.” Int Arch Occup Environ Health(46): 1-9.
  • Langard, S. and T. Norseth (1975). “A cohort study of bronchial carcinomas in workers producing chromate pigments.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 32(1): 62-5.
  • Langard, S. and T. Vigander (1983). “Occurrence of lung cancer in workers producing chromium pigments.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 40(1): 71-4.
  • Lewis, R. (2004). “Occupational Exposures: Metals. In: Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine. LaDou, J. editor. 3rd Ed.” Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: pp. 439-441.
  • Lieberman, H. (1941). “Chrome ulcerations of the nose and throat.” New Engl J Med(225): 132-133.
  • Lindberg, E. and G. Hedenstierna (1983). “Chrome plating: symptoms, findings in the upper airways, and effects on lung function.” Archives of Environmental Health 38(6): 367-74.
  • Lindberg, E. and O. Vesterberg (1983). “Monitoring exposure to chromic acid in chromeplating by measuring chromium in urine.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 9(4): 333-40.
  • Lindberg, E. and O. Vesterberg (1983). “Urinary excretion of proteins in chromeplaters, exchromeplaters and referents.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 9(6): 505-10.
  • Loubieres, Y., A. de Lassence, et al. (1999). “Acute, fatal, oral chromic acid poisoning.” Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 37(3): 333-6.
  • Luippold, R. S., K. A. Mundt, et al. (2003). “Lung cancer mortality among chromate production workers.” Occupational & Environmental Medicine 60(6): 451-7.
  • Machle, W. and F. Gregorius (1948). “Cancer of the respiratory system in the United States chromate-producing industry.” Public Health Rep 63: 114-127.
  • MacKie, R. M. (1981). “Clinical dermatology.” New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press.
  • Mancuso, R. F. (1951). “Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant: a medical appraisal. II. Clinical and toxicologic aspects.” Industrial Medicine & Surgery 20(9): 393-407.
  • Mancuso, T. F. (1975). “Consideration of chromium as an industrial carcinogen.” In: Hutchinson TC, ed. Preceedings of the international conference on heavy metals in the environment. Toronto, Canada: Toronto Institute for Environmental Studies, : pp 343-356.
  • Medeiros, M. G., A. S. Rodrigues, et al. (2003). “Elevated levels of DNA-protein crosslinks and micronuclei in peripheral lymphocytes of tannery workers exposed to trivalent chromium.” Mutagenesis 18(1): 19-24.
  • Meditext – Medical Management (2005). “Chromium Hexavalent Salts.” TOMES Information System. Denver, CO: Micromedex, Inc.
  • Meert, K. L., J. Ellis, et al. (1994). “Acute ammonium dichromate poisoning.” Annals of Emergency Medicine 24(4): 748-50.
  • Mertz, W. (1969). “Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems.” Physiological Reviews 49(2): 163-239.
  • Mertz, W. (1993). “Chromium in human nutrition: a review.” J. Nutr(123): 626-633.
  • Michie, C. A., M. Hayhurst, et al. (1991). “Poisoning with a traditional remedy containing potassium dichromate.” Human & Experimental Toxicology 10(2): 129-31.
  • Moller, D. R., S. M. Brooks, et al. (1986). “Delayed anaphylactoid reaction in a worker exposed to chromium.” Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 77(3): 451-6.
  • NIOSH (2005). “Online pocket guide to chemical hazards. Septemvber 2005.” https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/nengapdx.html#c.
  • Norseth, T. (1981). “The carcinogenicity of chromium.” Environmental Health Perspectives 40: 121-30.
  • Novey, H. S., M. Habib, et al. (1983). “Asthma and IgE antibodies induced by chromium and nickel salts.” Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 72(4): 407-12.
  • OSHA (2006). “OSHA Issues Final Standard on Hexavalent Chromium.” National News Release: 06-342-NAT(February 27, 2006).
  • Park, R. M., J. F. Bena, et al. (2004). “Hexavalent chromium and lung cancer in the chromate industry: a quantitative risk assessment.” Risk Analysis 24(5): 1099-108.
  • Pascale, L. R., S. S. Waldstein, et al. (1952). Chromium intoxication, with special reference to hepatic injury, Journal of the American Medical Association. 149(15):1385-9, 1952 Aug 9.
  • Petrilli, F. L., G. A. Rossi, et al. (1986). “Metabolic reduction of chromium by alveolar macrophages and its relationships to cigarette smoke.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 77(6): 1917-24.
  • PHS (1953). “Health of workers in chromate producing industry: A study.” Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service. Publication no.192.
  • Polak, L. (1983). “Immunology of chromium. In: Chromium: metabolism and toxicity.” Burrows, D, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,: pp. 51-135.
  • Polak, L., J. L. Turk, et al. (1973). “Studies on contact hypersensitivity to chromium compounds.” Progress in Allergy 17: 145-226.
  • Rom, W. N. (2007). “Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 4th Ed. 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
  • Samitz, M. H. (1970). “Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of toxic effects from chromates.” Acta Dermato-Venereologica 50(1): 59-64.
  • Saryan, L. A. and M. Reedy (1988). “Chromium determinations in a case of chromic acid ingestion.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology 12(3): 162-4.
  • Schaffer, A. W., A. Pilger, et al. (1999). “Increased blood cobalt and chromium after total hip replacement.” Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 37(7): 839-44.
  • Schiffl, H., P. Weidmann, et al. (1982). “Dialysis treatment of acute chromium intoxication and comparative efficacy of peritoneal versus hemodialysis in chromium removal.” Mineral & Electrolyte Metabolism 7(1): 28-35.
  • Sharma, B. K., P. C. Singhal, et al. (1978). “Intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure following potassium dichromate poisoning.” Postgraduate Medical Journal 54(632): 414-5.
  • Sheffet, A., I. Thind, et al. (1982). “Cancer mortality in a pigment plant utilizing lead and zinc chromates.” Archives of Environmental Health 37(1): 44-52.
  • Sluis-Cremer, G. and R. du Toit (1968). “Pneumoconiosis in chromite miners in South Africa.” Br J Ind Med 25: 63-67.
  • Snyder, C. A., I. Udasin, et al. (1996). “Reduced IL-6 levels among individuals in Hudson County, New Jersey, an area contaminated with chromium.” Archives of Environmental Health 51(1): 26-8.
  • Spruit, D., F. C. van Neer, et al. (1966). “Penetration rate of Cr (3) and Cr (VI).” Dermatologica 132(2): 179-82.
  • Stift, A., J. Friedl, et al. (2000). “Successful treatment of a patient suffering from severe acute potassium dichromate poisoning with liver transplantation.” Transplantation 69(11): 2454-5.
  • Suzuki, Y. (1987). “Anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of water-soluble chromium (VI) and chromium (III) complexes in biological materials.” Journal of Chromatography A 415(2): 317-24.
  • Suzuki, Y. and K. Fukuda (1990). “Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid and glutathione with special reference to the rat lung.” Archives of Toxicology 64(3): 169-76.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998). “Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium”.
  • National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998). “Toxicological Review of Trivalent Chromium”.
  • National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2002). “Common Chemicals Found at Superfund Sites.” Available at: https://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/chemicals.htm.
  • van Heerden, P. V., I. R. Jenkins, et al. (1994). “Death by tanning–a case of fatal basic chromium sulphate poisoning.” Intensive Care Medicine 20(2): 145-7.
  • Wiegand, H. J., H. Ottenwalder, et al. (1984). “Disposition of intratracheally administered chromium(III) and chromium(VI) in rabbits.” Toxicology Letters 22(2): 273-6.
  • World Health Organization (1990). “Chromium (Environmental Health Criteria 61) International Programme on Chemical Safety”. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • World Health Organization (1990). “Chromium (Environmental Health Criteria 61) International Programme on Chemical Safety”. Geneva, Switzerlands.
  • Zhitkovich, A., Y. Song, et al. (2001). “Non-oxidative mechanisms are responsible for the induction of mutagenesis by reduction of Cr(VI) with cysteine: role of ternary DNA adducts in Cr(III)-dependent mutagenesis.” Biochemistry 40(2): 549-60.
Top of Page